Islam in Australia - Whyte references

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References

* Shaheen Amid Whyte, Institutionalising Islamic Religious Authority in Australia: The Case of the Australian National Imams Council, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 41(4), 2021. Specific Australian references and footnotes from this article are listed below. 

  1. Australian National Imams Council Limited, Australian Charities and Not-for-Profits Commission, n.d. 
  2. Shaheen A. Whyte, Islamic Religious Authority in Cyberspace: A Qualitative Study of Muslim Religious Actors in Australia, Religions, 13(1), 2022, 3. 
  3. Anisa Buckley, Not “Completely” Divorced: Muslim Women in Australia Navigating Muslim Family Laws, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 2019. 
  4. Ann Black and Nadirsyah Hosen, Fatwas: Their Role in Contemporary Secular Australia, Griffith Law Review, 18(2), 2009. 
  5. Nora Amath, The Phenomenology of Community Activism: Muslim Civil Society Organisations in Australia, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 2015. Nora Amath’s 2014 study notes there are 486 Muslim civil society organisations in Australia.
  6. Abdullah Saeed, Islam in Australia, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2003. 
  7. Riaz Hassan, Australian Muslims: The Challenge of Islamophobia and Social Distance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 2018. 
  8. Shaheen Whyte, Whither Minority Jurisprudence? The Case of Fiqh al-Aqalliyat in Australia, Australian Journal of Islamic Studies, 2(3), 2017. There is no empirical data on the multiple sects and sub-sects of Islam in Australia’s census. 
  9. Section 116 of Australia’s constitution prevents the Australian government from establishing any religion, imposing any religious practice or prohibiting individuals from freely expressing religion. 
  10. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Dataset: 2016 Census – Cultural Diversity, https://auth.censusdata.abs.gov.au/webapi/jsf/tableView/tableView.xhtml# (accessed 28 March 2020). 
  11. Michael Humphrey, An Australian Islam? Religion in the Multicultural City, in  Abdullah Saeed and Shahram Akbarzadeh (editors), Muslim Communities in Australia, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, 2001. 
  12. Bilal Cleland, The Muslims in Australia: A Brief History, Islamic Council of Victoria, Melbourne, 2002. 
  13. Jan Ali, Islam and Muslims in Australia: Settlement, Integration, Shariah, Education and Terrorism, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 2020. 
  14. Ministerial Council on Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, A National Action Plan to Build on Social Cohesion, Harmony and Security, Ministerial Council on Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Canberra, 2007. 
  15. Muslim Community Reference Group, Building on Social Cohesion, Harmony and Security: An Action Plan by the Muslim Community Reference Group, 2006. 
  16. Basia Spalek and Alia Imtoual, Muslim Communities and Counter-Terror Responses: ‘Hard’ Approaches to Community Engagement in the U.K. and Australia, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 27(2), 2007, 185–202. 
  17. Australian Associated Press, Controversial Comments made by Sheik Taj Al din Al Hilali, The Age, Melbourne, 27 October 2006. 
  18. Richard Kerbaj, Hilali didn’t Step Aside - He was Pushed, The Australian, 16 June 2007. 
  19. The Mufti we Love to Hate, Sydney Morning Herald, 2 May 2007. 
  20. Mark Tran, Australian Muslim Leader Compares Uncovered Women to Exposed Meat, The Guardian, 26 October 2006. 
  21. Taghred Chandab, Top Islamic Body Sacks Hilali and Scraps Title, The Age, 8 April 2007. 
  22. Australian National Imams Council, About Us, n.d.
  23. Australian Charities and Not-for-Profits Commission, Constitution of Australian National Imams Council Limited, 2016. 
  24. Australian National Imams Council, “ANIC’s 12th General Assembly and Newly Elected Executive Committee,” press release, March 3, 2019, https://www.anic.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Press-Release-ANIC%E2%80%99s-12th-General-Assembly-and-a-Newly-Elected-Executive-Committee.pdf/ (accessed 11 March 2021). 
  25. Australian National Imams Council, “Council Members,” n.d., https://www.anic.org.au/council-members/ (accessed 11 March 2021). 
  26. Australian National Imams Council, “Our Services,” n.d., https://www.anic.org.au/all-services/ (accessed 11 March 2021). 
  27. See “Find your local Imam,” Australian National Imams Council, https://www.anic.org.au/find-your-local-imam/ (accessed 28 June 2021). 
  28. Australian National Imams Council, “Become an ANIC Member,” 2019, https://www.anic.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Become-An-ANIC-Member-3.pdf (accessed 14 November 2020). 
  29. Australian Charities and Not-for-Profits Commission, Constitution of Australian National Imams Council Limited. op. cit. 
  30. The 2005 Amman Message was signed by over 500 ulama from different theological schools around the world. “The Three Points of the Amman Message V.1,” The Amman Message, https://ammanmessage.com/the-three-points-of-the-amman-message-v-1/ (accessed 14 June 2020). 
  31. Brianna Roberts, “Calls for Registry to Weed out ‘Fake Sheikhs,’” SBS News, https://www.sbs.com.au/news/calls-for-registry-to-weed-out-fake-sheikhs (accessed 2 February 2021). 
  32. OnePath Network, “Imam’s Panel,” August 22, 2016, https://onepathnetwork.com/imam-panel/ (accessed 2 February 2021). 
  33. According to Sunni legal jurisprudence, a female imama cannot lead mixed congregational prayers. Some Sunni legal schools (Shafi’i, Hanafi and Hanbali) permit women to lead female-only congregation prayers under certain conditions. Hamza Yusuf, “Can Women Serve as Imams?” Seasons, 2007. For different views on female Muslims leading prayer, see Ahmed Elewa and Laury Silvers, “‘I am one of the People’: A Survey and Analysis of Legal Arguments on Woman-led Prayer in Islam”, Journal of Law and Religion, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2010, pp. 141–171. 
  34. See Australian National Imams Council, “Advisory Team,” https://www.anic.org.au/advisory/ (accessed 17 March 2021); AMUST Media, “Woman Scholar joins ANIC as Member,” Australasian Muslim Times, March 3, 2020, https://www.amust.com.au/2020/03/woman-scholar-joins-anic-as-member/ (accessed 6 June 2020). 
  35. Australian National Imams Council, “ANIC 13th Annual General Assembly,” press release, March 2, 2020, https://www.anic.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/PUBLIC-STATEMENT-13th-ANIC-AGM.pdf (accessed 6 June 2020). 
  36. Philip Dorling, “WikiLeaks ‘Saudi Cables’ Reveal Secret Saudi Government Influence in Australia,” Sydney Morning Herald, June 20, 2015, https://www.smh.com.au/national/wikileaks-saudi-cables-reveal-secret-saudi-government-influence-in-australia-20150620-ght4kp.html (accessed 18 March 2021). 
  37. Ryan Edwards, “Muslim Community Organisations and Leadership in Australia,” PhD dissertaton, University of Melbourne, 2018, p. 90. 
  38. Islamic Shia Council of Victoria, “ISCV team meet Board of Imams Victoria,” Facebook post, December 10, 2018, https://www.facebook.com/pg/Islamic-Shia-Council-of-Victoria-348633975660138/posts/ (accessed 18 March 2021). 
  39. Australian National Imams Council, “Islam Denounces Violence against Women,” Press release, November 27, 2019, https://www.anic.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/ANIC-National-KhutbahSermon%E2%80%9CIslam-Denounces-Violence-against-Women%E2%80%9D-2019.pdf. (accessed 18 March 2021). 
  40. Michael Safi, “Islamic Women’s Groups Welcome Call for Imams to Denounce Domestic Violence,” The Guardian, November 27, 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/nov/27/islamic-womens-groups-welcome-call-for-imams-to-denounce-domestic-violence (accessed 18 March 2021); AMUST Media, “ANIC Organizes Nationally Coordinated Juma Khutbah,” Australasian Muslim Times, December 3, 2015, https://www.amust.com.au/2015/12/anic-organizes-nationally-coordinated-juma-khutbah/ (accessed 18 March 2021). 
  41. Hayley Gleeson and Julia Baird, “‘I’m not his Property’: Abused Muslim Women Denied Right to Divorce,” ABC News, April 18, 2018, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-18/abused-muslim-women-denied-right-to-divorce/9632772 (accessed 4 April 2021). 
  42. Australian Islamic Education Services, “About Us,” https://islamiceducation.org.au/about-us/ (accessed 15 June 2021). 
  43. Australian National Imams Council, “ANIC Endorsement of Special Screening,” press release, February 11, 2019, https://www.anic.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ANIC-endorsement-of-Special-Screening-%E2%80%9CBEFORE-1770%E2%80%9D-%E2%80%93-the-Muslim-presence-in-Australia.pdf (accessed 4 April 2021). 
  44. Australian National Imams Council, “ANIC Delegation to New Zealand,” Facebook post, March 20, 2019, https://www.facebook.com/anic.org.au/posts/the-australian-national-imams-council-anic-delegation-to-christchurch-nz-visit-a/2268745546747701/. (accessed 4 April 2021) 
  45. Australian National Imams Council, “As part of this appreciation, the Australian National Imams Council (ANIC) also provided the Bankstown Lidcombe-Hospital staff with 100 pre-made meals,” Twitter post, April 21, 2020, https://twitter.com/ImamsCouncil/status/1252496467895308288/photo/4 (accessed 27 December 2021). 
  46. Australian National Imams Council, “News,” https://www.anic.org.au/news/ (accessed 1 June 2020). 
  47. Australian National Imams Council, “ANIC Appoints Mr Bilal Rauf as its Media Spokesperson,” press release, February 6, 2019, https://www.anic.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Media-Statement-ANIC-Appoints-Mr-Bilal-Rauf-as-its-Media-Spokesperson.pdf (accessed 7 June 2021). 
  48. Australian National Imams Council, “Downloads,” https://www.anic.org.au/downloads/ (accessed 26 June 2021). 
  49. Australian National Imams Council, “Issued Fatwas,” https://www.anic.org.au/fatwa-council/ (accessed 26 June 2021). 
  50. Australian National Imams Council, “ANIC Strongly Condemns Recent Violence Against the Palestinian People at the Hands of the Israeli Forces,” press release, May 15, 2018, http://www.anic.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PRESS-RELEASE-ANIC-Strongly-Condemns-Recent-Violence-Against-the-Palestinian-People-at-the-Hands-of-the-Israeli-Forces.pdf; (accessed 26 June 2021); Australian National Imams Council, “ANIC Strongly Condemns the Ongoing Persecution of the Rohingya People by the Myanmar Regime,” press release, September 9, 2017, https://www.anic.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/PRESS-STATEMENT-ANIC-Strongly-Condemns-the-Ongoing-Persecution-of-the-Rohingya-People-by-the-Myanmar-Regime.pdf; (accessed 26 June 2021); Australian National Imams Council, “ANIC Condemns the Ongoing Persecution and Violation of Human Rights Against the Uyghur Muslims by the Chinese Authorities,” press release, September 10, 2018, http://www.anic.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/MEDIA-STATEMENT-ANIC-Condemns-the-Ongoing-Persecution-and-Violation-of-Human-Rights-Against-the-Uyghur-Muslims-by-the-Chinese-Authorities.pdf (accessed 26 June 2021). 
  51. Australian National Imams Council, “News.” (accessed 26 June 2021). 
  52. Michael Brull, “Does the Australian National Imams Council Support the Saudi War on Yemen?,” New Matilda, November 1, 2016, https://newmatilda.com/2016/11/01/does-the-australian-national-imams-council-support-the-saudi-war-on-yemen/ (accessed 26 June 2021). 
  53. Australian National Imams Council, “ANIC Attend AK Parti Iftar Dinner,” Facebook post, June 8, 2018, https://www.facebook.com/anic.org.au/?__tn__=k*F&tn-str=k*F (accessed 26 June 2021). 
  54. Hamish McDonald, “Turkish Cleric Gülen’s Australian Supporters Fear Reprisals,” The Saturday Paper, March 25, 2017, https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/world/2017/03/25/turkish-cleric-gulens-australian-supporters-fear-reprisals/14903604004411 (accessed 2 April 2021). 
  55. Jewel Topsfield, “Bali Nine: Australia’s Most Senior Muslim Cleric Pleads for Lives of Andrew Chan, Myuran Sukumaran,” Sydney Morning Herald, 12 March 2015, https://www.smh.com.au/world/bali-nine-australias-most-senior-muslim-cleric-pleads-for-lives-of-andrew-chan-myuran-sukumaran-20150311-141jib.html (accessed 2 April 2021). 
  56. In 2005 the Australian government reportedly contacted Hilaly to help negotiate the release of Australian citizen, Douglas Wood, held captive in Iraq. “Mufti: I Saved Douglas Wood’s Life,” The Age, June 19, 2005, https://www.theage.com.au/national/mufti-i-saved-douglas-woods-life-20050619-ge0dd4.html (accessed 2 April 2021). 
  57. Riley Morgan, “Scott Morrison Accuses Muslim Leaders of Failing Community by Boycotting Meeting,” SBS News, November 21, 2018, https://www.sbs.com.au/news/scott-morrison-accuses-muslim-leaders-of-failing-community-by-boycotting-meeting (accessed 2 April 2021).  
  58. Australian National Imams Council, “ANIC Condemns the Recent Crime Perpetrated in Melbourne and Outraged by the PM’s Recent Comments,” press release, November 11, 2018, accessed 5 February 2019, http://www.anic.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PRESS-RELEASE-ANIC-Condemns-the-Recent-Crime-Perpetrated-in-Melbourne-and-Outraged-by-the-PMs-Recent-Comments.pdf (accessed 2 April 2021). 
  59. For list of AFIC and ANIC signatories see “Proposed Government Roundtable Meeting,” Islamic Council of Victoria, November 21, 2018, https://www.icv.org.au/proposed-government-roundtable-meeting/ (accessed 3 June 2020). 
  60. Greg Barton, What can Muslim Leaders really do to stop Extremism?, SBS, November 13, 2018; Melissa Davey, Bourke Street Attack: Morrison Accused of ‘Scapegoating’ Muslim Community, The Guardian, November 12, 2018,  (accessed 2 April 2021).

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Last updated: 16 November 2025

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