Jerribaley cemetery / burial ground, Shoalhaven Heads

Jerribaley cemetery / burial ground, Shoalhaven Heads

A compilation of historical documents and reference materials

Compiled by Michael Organ BSc DipArchAdmin

Incorporating research by Uncle Gerry Moore, Kelvin Officer, the Navin Officer Pty Ltd organisation, Kate Walters and Korey Moon of Walters Consultancy, Jen Saunders, and Peter Botsman.

Thomas Greer + Weeks headstones, 1841 & 1877.

Contents

Introduction
Jerribaley to Jerry Bailey
Cemetery
Burials
Chronology
Dedication
Documents
References
Acknowledgements

NB: Jerribaley is the preferred spelling used by the present writer throughout this document, unless a specific historic or modern spelling is referenced.

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1. Introduction

A public cemetery existed from the early 1800s at the township of Jerry Bailey, now known as Shoalhaven Heads, with specific known burials from 1827. Prior to this, it is possible that the area was made use of for burials over the millennia by the local Indigenous population. The known site was located on a sandy spit on the northern bank of the entrance to the Shoalhaven River, east of Mount Cullunghutti. It became part of the expansive estate of Alexander Berry who settled there in 1822 with his business partner Edward Wollstonecraft. This was the first known public cemetery in the Shoalhaven region, with the earliest identified burial dating from 1827. Apparently, the cemetery was in use up until 1917. A residential subdivision of the site took place in 1926. In 1955 the name of the location was changed from Jerry Bailey to Shoalhaven Heads by Shoalhaven City Council, amidst much controversy (Clarke 2008). The most comprehensive history of the site is to be found in the following documents:

* Kelvin Officer, Notes supporting Aboriginal Site Card: (AHIMS) 52-5-0950, Jerry Bailey Burial Ground, Shoalhaven Heads NSW, Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd, revised: 15 July 2020.

* Kate Waters and Korey Moon, Jerry Bailey Burial Ground, in Cullunghutti: The Mountain and Its People. A documentary history of Cullunghutti Mountain from 1770 to 1920 - A report for the Community, Waters Consultancy Pty Ltd for the Office of Environment and Heritage, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2013, 241-244.

These documents should be consulted in association with, and prior to a reading of, the present document.

During the cemetery's operation it was mainly used by the local Indigenous population who had a connection with the nearby sacred Mount Cullunghutti, though non-Indigenous residents are also buried there. Efforts are currently being made to recognise the important role the cemetery played in the local community over more than a century and a half following the arrival of British settlers.

Shoalhaven River and associated properties, map, 1844.

Shoalhaven Heads, Shoalhaven City Council, circa 1965.

Shoalhaven Heads and Shoalhaven River entrance, Google maps, 23 June 2025.

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2. Jerribaley / Jerry Bailey

The name Jerry Bailey - an Anglicized interpretation of an Indigenous place name - dates from 1830 through a mention in Alexander Berry’s diary. Possibly during the 1820s he marked it as Jerribaley Pt on a map outlining his initial grants in the area. A map was also submitted to the Surveyor General's Department circa 1840. It appears that a tracing of that map was made in 1853 and survives in the State Records of New South Wales collection (Walters and Moon 2018, map 17, p.78). It is reproduced below.

Coolangatta Estate, circa 1849, tracing [1853].

The name English name Jerry Bailey was long thought to refer to one of Berry's convict servants, during a period in which the Indigenous heritage of the region was largely ignored and meaningfully forgotten by the non-Indigenous settlers. However, no such individual was ever located to support the suggestion.

The name Jerry Bailey survives to the present day in the form of the major road through Shoalhaven Heads, a sports oval, a children's early education centre and even the Bar & Grill at the local 'Heads Bowlo. What, then, was the true origin of the name?

The recent process which led to the unravelling of the true origin and meaning of the word goes back to efforts by members of the local Indigenous community to have the burial site officially recognised, delineated, and memorialised.

This was supported by archaeologists Navin Officer Pty Ltd during a 2018 survey in connection with the Cullunghutti Aboriginal Place dedication.

Following that, during 2020 Kelvin Officer prepared a detailed report on the Jerry Bailey cemetery (Officer 2020). However, that research was never published as such, but was made available to the National Parks and Wildlife Service and local Indigenous representatives as part of a process of listing the site on the NPWS register.

Following that, on 1 December 2022 a posting on the Shoalhaven Heads Facebook site suggested a possible solution to the name origin mystery, as follows:

Mystery no more. Before it was renamed as Shoalhaven Heads (in 1955) our town was known as Jerry Bailey. However, the origins of this original name were not known and there was much discussion about who or what Jerry Bailey was. Now a researcher at the University of Wollongong has discovered the answer in old treasure trove of archived documents. Turns out Jerry Bailey is derived from the original Aboriginal name for the place - Djerrabalay. The discovery confirmed by cross-referencing early maps of the area from Alexander Berry's Coolangatta Estate.

The likely refers to the research at the University of Wollongong Archives during the early 2020s by Jen Saunders, resulting in an exhibition there (Saunders and Pirate 2024). In the related exhibition catalogue and bibliography Stories from Right Here, Saunders make the following comment regarding the Indigenous origin of the word:

One example of this productive winding through archival material and place is finding the Aboriginal origin of the placename Jerry Bailey, which was the colonial name for what is now known as Shoalhaven Heads. ‘The Heads’ is a popular South Coast holiday destination at the mouth of the Shoalhaven River, adjacent to Alexander Berry’s first colonial grant, the ‘Coolangatta Estate’. On old maps of Coolangatta Estate, the Jerry Bailey name is attached to a small spit of low land that juts out into the Shoalhaven River below Cullunghutti Mountain (Mt Coolangatta).

The widely held view has long been that the name is a mystery – does it refer to a drowned sailor? a convict? a racehorse? Yet, among the South Coast placenames that Archibald Campbell collected in August 1900, from William Buthung [Buthong], his Aboriginal interlocutor, is the word – written in Campbell’s looping scrawl – ‘Djerrabaly’. Campbell has crossed out a capital ‘J’, indicating his hearing of how the word begins, then written the word with its ‘Dj’ spelling – a convention probably begun by William Dawes, a young officer who arrived with the First Fleet in 1788. Dawes wrote down conversations with Aboriginal people he met during the establishment of the new penal colony, compiling lists of words and pronunciations (Archibald Campbell Papers circa 1899-1900, Saunders and Pirate 2024).

As part of her research, she also located a number of Berry Estate maps from the early 1800s in the State Library of New South Wales collection which included reference to a Jerribaley Pt. This is likely the earliest written reference to the location, and from which the term Jerry Bailey originated.

Historian Peter Botsman, during February 2025, prepared a report for Uncle Gerry Moore which further outlined the case for the Indigenous origin (Botsman 2025).

The meaning of the word

This can be analysed using the Australian Indigenous language research of Dr. Chris Illert (Illert 2013). This reveals the following information, based on the word Jerribayley as written on the copy of Alexander Berry’s original manuscript map, reproduced above from Waters & Moon 2018:

Anglicized word (as written by Berry): Jerribaley

Phonetically (root words according to Illert): gʊru :bʊlu

Sound: gairu => gurroo(ee) => jerri : bailu => Jerribaley

English translation: thin : projecting

Meaning: a thin projecting thing, as in the geographical description of the thin sandy isthmus or narrow piece of land - Jerribaley Point - located on the northern shore of the Shoalhaven River and projecting into the river.

This transliteration is supported by the following reference from Illert’s 2013 PhD thesis:

Extract from Dr. Chris Illert, PhD thesis, 2013, p.53.

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3. The Cemetery

In recent years actions have been instigated by members of the local Shoalhaven Indigenous community to have the Jerry Baily cemetery officially designated as such, precisely mapped, archaeological investigations carried out (as required) and a monument or appropriate memorial erected to those buried there. The cemetery was not associated with any specific church during its period of operation, and never officially dedicated or recorded on official maps of the time. As a result, it largely disappeared from the record books, though not from the memories of those whose family members were buried there. For example, according to the Australian Cemeteries Index listing of the cemetery:

The Jerry Bailey cemetery, which no longer exists, was the first cemetery in the Shoalhaven region and dates from around 1830. Jerry Bailey was the original name of what is now Shoalhaven Heads. The Berry Historical Society has custody of the headstone of a Thomas Greer from the cemetery dated 1841. It is the oldest headstone from the Shoalhaven region. Exact location of the cemetery is uncertain.

Several details in the listing are not correct. The precise location of the cemetery is known by members of the local community. A recording of burials (not all) also exists. That record refers to the burial of both Indigenous and non-Indigenous people.

In regard to specific burials on the site, we only have details of a few. For example, Alexander Berry's diary of 1830 records the following:

December ... "Jerry Bailey" cemetery - Mrs. Morgan, wife of Morgan, the sawyer, was this day (Decr. 23) buried.

Thomas Greer (Irish) transported for life in 1831, assigned to Alexander Berry at Coolangatta. Ticket of leave 1840. Free passage for wife and four sons delayed, on arrival they learned Thomas was dead. Widow remarried convict Weeks, 36 years later he was buried near Thomas. Headstones were rescued together.

Concerning the above-mentioned Thomas Greer (c.1796-1841), a brief biography is available (WikiTree 2025). Also, the Berry Historical Society Museum website states the following regarding the Greer and Weeks headstones photograph:

Description: Sandstone inscribed - 'Sacred to the memory of Thomas Greer who departed this life, June 4, 1841, aged ?6 years. Date: 1841.

In addition, the following burial was recorded in the Berry Register and Kangaroo Valley and South Coast Farmer on 26 July 1902:

OBITUARY. — .... On Tuesday Mrs. Mary Judson, of Coolangatta, passed over to the great majority at the very old age of 88 years. Her remains were interred in the Jerry Bailey cemetery on Thursday. The Rev. G.H. Muzy officiated at both graves. Mr. A. Johnston had charge of the arrangements for both funerals.

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4. Chronology of the Jerry Bailey burial site and surrounds

* pre 1822 – local Indigenous population inhabits the general area around Cullunghutti Mountain and the Shoalhaven River. The Jerribaley Point sandy spit is possibly made use of as a burial site.

* 1822 – Alexander Berry obtains possession of the site and commences occupation; he maps the general area and includes a reference to Jerribaley Pt., making use of the Aboriginal word for the site.

* 1827 – earliest known burial at the site.

* 1830 - Alexander Berry's diary records the burial of Mrs Morgan, wife of the sawyer Morgan, at Jerry Bailey cemetery.

* 1841 - Headstone in Berry Museum records the death and burial of ex-convict Thomas Greer (46) at Jerry Bailey cemetery.

* 1853 – Jerrybaley Pt. listed on a tracing of the Coolangatta Estate from the Berry Papers.

* 1877 - Headstone in Berry Museum records the death and burial of ex-convict Weeks and husband of the widow Greer, next to Thomas Greer.

* 1902 - burial of Mrs Mary Judson of Coolangatta.

* 1917 – possible last burial at the site.

* 1926 – residential subdivision of the site with 30 lots. Auction planned for Tuesday, 28 December but cancelled due to rain. Seven lots nevertheless sold for £25 each on the day, on behalf of the seller, Alex. Hay.

* 1955 - change of town name from Jerry Bailey to Shoalhaven Heads.

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5. Known burials

The following table has been compiled from several published sources, with original information discovered in Nowra Courthouse records and New South Wales birth, death and marriage records, plus the research of local family historians, with death dates and birth dates where known.

Table 1 – Consolidated list of 85 known burials

Birth	Death	Names	Age
	1827	Biskin, Thomas
	23 December 1830	Morgan, Bridget
1799	4 June 1841	Greer, Thomas	46
	1853	Watts, Jane	child
1819	1856	Anties, Susan	37
1801	11 September 1862	Ferguson, William	61
	1864	Langley, Charles	infant
1853	24 August 1866	Amatto, John	13
1836	5 June 1866	Dixon, William	30
1866	5 August 1866	Holden, Albert H.	infant
1866	7 February 1866	Langley, Charles H.	infant
1862	6 January 1866	Langley, Sarah	4
1873	14 June 1873	Longbottom, John	infant
1874	25 March 1874	Judson, Edward	infant
1874	25 April 1875	Sutton, John	1
1807	2 January 1877	Weeks, John	70
1817	14 August 1879	Longbottom, Esau	62
1811	12 September 1879	Nixon, Harriet	68
1882	7 October 1882	Longbottom, John	infant
1797	12 June 1883	Chater, Richard	86
1883	10 October 1883	Sims, Henry	infant
1828	16 December 1884	Dobson, Ann Sullivan	56
1885	4 February 1885	Amatto, John	infant
1885	9 September 1885	Amatto, William	infant
1885	29 June 1885	Collins, Catherine O.	infant
	1885	Judson, Thomas	1
1840	25 October 1885	Pemberton, Henry S.	45
1870	5 June 1885	Sims, Agnes	15
1855	11 November 1885	Tumme, Phillip	30
1857	9 November 1885	Tummel, Alice	28
1809	27 February 1885	Ware, John	76
1850	16 October 1886	Amatto, Jane	36
1846	9 December 1886	Bloxum, Susan	40
1888	3 April 1888	Chisnall, Eleanor A.	infant
1888	1888	Langley, Charles	infant
1888	18 June 1888	Longbottom, Ellen	infant
1888	4 July 1888	Radnor, Caroline	infant
1887	24 June 1888	Secombe, Herbert B.	1
1858	24 March 1888	Sutton, Annie	30
1869	4 November 1889	Davis, Mary J.	20
1861	14 February 1889	Dixon, William	28
1811	2 December 1889	Heavens, James J.	78
1820	10 August 1890	Nipple, Jessie	70
1883	24 January 1890	Radnor, William	7
1863	9 April 1890	Smith, Sarah E.	27
1840	28 June 1891	Radnor, John	51
1891	3 April 1892	Dixon, Emily	1
1889	9 November 1892	Longbottom, James	3
1864	28 September 1892	Moore, Julia	28
1892	29 November 1893	Dixon, John	1
1855	31 December 1893	Longbottom, Hannah J.	38
1891	31 January 1894	Amatto, John T.	3
1894	9 June 1894	Wellington, Joseph	infant
1895	3 October 1895	Amatto Catherine	infant
1894	28 March 1895	Dickson, Ada	1
1895	25 February 1895	Dickson, Elizabeth	infant
1825	30 July 1895	Hawken, John	70
1853	19 September 1895	Longbottom, James	42
1896	25 August 1896	Amatto, Joseph M.	infant
1889	17 October 1896	Chisnall, Ellen	7
1896	25 December 1896	Longbottom, Esau	infant
1897	21 June 1897	Carpenter, Susan	infant
	1898	Amatto, (unnamed)	infant
1893	31 May 1898	Amatto, Ellen	5
1880	27 October 1898	Judson, Esther	18
1879	17 February 1898	Saunders, Archibald	19
1825	3 April 1900	Amatto, John	75
1898	14 December 1900	Dixon, Janet	2
1900	27 February 1900	Edwards, Caroline	infant
1885	29 June 1901	Collins, George	21
1901	22 January 1901	Foster, Daisy J.L.	infant
1814	30 January 1901	Judson, William	87
1897	13 December 1902	Methven, Elizabeth	5
1814	26 July 1902	Judson, Mary	88
1902	11 January 1903	Amatto, Catherine	1
1826	7 April 1903	Ardler, Frederick	77
1810	7 October 1903	Totton, Charles	93
1887	10 August 1904	Dixon, Annie	17
1828	15 October 1905	Moroney, Mary	77
1881	5 June 1905	Sutton, Alfred J.	24
1901	15 March 1906	Amatto, Ada	5
1843	14 January 1908	Judson, John	65
1823	7 February 1908	Nipple, George	85
1883	3 March 1912	Moore, Mary	29
1837	23 May 1917	Steele, William	80

It can be seen from the list that there were a substantial amount of infant and early childhood deaths, comprising almost half of those known (39 out of 85).

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6. Dedication of the site

Efforts are therefore being made to address the omission of the cemetery from the historic record and honour those buried there. Due to the cemetery not being gazetted, officially listed, or mapped, development of the site subsequently took place and sections of it are now covered by residential properties and other subdivision disturbances to the grounds and burials. No archaeological studies have been carried out, or reburials taken place. It is hoped that these issues will be addressed in the near future.

The Cemeteries and Crematoria Act 2013 is a New South Wales (NSW) law that regulates the operation and governance of cemeteries and crematoria in the state. It aims to ensure dignified interment practices, respect for cultural and religious diversity, and sustainable management of interment services. Cemeteries & Crematoria NSW (CCNSW) is the statutory agency responsible for regulating the industry under this Act. The Cemeteries and Crematoria Regulation 2022 also applies to such sites. Official recognition of the site by the Shoalhaven City Council as a cemetery may require it to be subject to the terms of the Act, just as it is applied to other cemeteries throughout the Shoalhaven region.

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7. Documents

The following are important primary source research documents and reports. They are reproduced here to enable accessibility to know previous research on this topic.

#1 Kelvin Officer, Jerry Bailey Burial Ground, Aboriginal Site Recording Form, NSW Government, 20 April 2020.

#2 Kelvin Officer, Notes supporting Aboriginal Site Card: (AHIMS) 52-5-0950, Jerry Bailey Burial Ground, Shoalhaven Heads NSW, Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd, revised: 15 July 2020.

#3 Kelvin Officer - DRAFT wording for proposed motions to Shoalhaven City Council v.2 12 August 2020.

#4 Kate Waters and Korey Moon, Jerry Bailey Burial Ground, in Cullunghutti: The Mountain and Its People. A documentary history of Cullunghutti Mountain from 1770 to 1920 - A report for the Community, Waters Consultancy Pty Ltd for the Office of Environment and Heritage, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2013, 241-244.

* Document 1: Kelvin Officer (primary recorder), Jerry Bailey Burial Ground, Aboriginal Site Recording Form, NSW Government, 20 April 2020.

Comments: Site is located on residential urban lots on sand body adjacent to the north bank of the Shoalhaven River (estuary), and which is traversed by Hay Avenue, Shoalhaven Heads. Former ‘Reserve for Graves’ is Lot 19, DP14078, no.40 Hay Avenue. However, it is possible that subsurface graves exist in all urban lots (nos. 1 – 62) along Hay Avenue. Refer attached document for site map. Research conducted as part of the Cullunghutti Cultural Mapping Project 2018, by Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty. Ltd., for NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.

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* Document 2: Kelvin Officer - DRAFT wording for proposed motions to Shoalhaven City Council v.2 12 August 2020. [NB: Portions of these recommendations were included in Document 2 below. They were also amended during 2025 as part of a submission to Shoalhaven City Council.]

1. Recommendation

That the Council establishes an appropriate form of on-site public commemoration of the Jerry Bailey Burial Ground at a location to be determined, in collaboration with Jerrinja Aboriginal community representatives.

Background

Although never formally registered as a Cemetery, the Jerry Bailey Burial Ground is known from death and burial records which list the locality as the burial place of more than eighty individuals between 1830 and 1917. This burial ground is the first recorded European burial ground for the Shoalhaven district. Many of the recorded surnames relate to Aboriginal families on the NSW South Coast including Amatto, Bloxum, Carpenter, Davis, Longbottom, Nipple, Sims and Wellington.

The burial ground was used by both Aboriginal and European families. All of the interred individuals share a history of probable residence, and/or employment on the lands known to Europeans in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as the Berry family ‘Coolangatta’ estate, on which the ground was situated. The Coolangatta homestead is located just 1km to the northwest.

This burial ground is of high cultural, historical and heritage value to the local Jerrinja Aboriginal community, and to the Shoalhaven Community as a whole for its role in the nineteenth century history of the district.

There are currently no on-site above ground traces of the burial ground, or signs, nomenclature or other features which indicate its location or commemorate its heritage.

The location of the burial ground comprises the whole area around Hay Avenue and its associated urban lots at Shoalhaven Heads. The area of the burial ground can be inferred from early nineteenth sub-division records and oral tradition within the local Jerrinja Aboriginal Community. Current knowledge of the boundaries and the extent of the burial ground remains approximate and requires clarification with further investigation.

The area of the burial ground now comprises: an urban subdivision which dates from 1926, public roads and adjacent open space.

This resolution should be actioned through a program which includes: opportunities for community consultation and participation (including specific programs for the Jerrinja Aboriginal community, Hay Avenue residents and the Shoalhaven Heads community); a site option selection process, and the formation of a steering group to assist in managing the location, design, content and form of the commemoration.

2. Recommendation

That the council establish a process for effectively managing and mitigating potential impacts to the heritage values of the Jerry Bailey Burial Ground, Shoalhaven Heads, posed by future developments involving ground surface disturbance.

Background

[A repeat of the first 6 paragraphs in Recommendation 1] …..

…… Despite past disturbance from road and building construction, there remains considerable archaeological potential for burials to remain sub-surface across the burial ground area, especially in areas of minimal impact, and below the depth of excavations for levelling, trenching and building foundations. Skeletal remains may be present in either a disturbed or undisturbed condition.

A management process is required to ensure that the risk of disturbing burials and skeletal material is properly assessed, and any identified impact risk is effectively managed and mitigated as an integral part of all Council consents and approvals that involve ground surface disturbance within the burial ground area. It is proposed that this process would require the conduct of qualified archaeological assessment.

3. Recommendation

That the Council revise the Shoalhaven Local Environmental Plan (SLEP) to include a requirement for all Development Applications to include an assessment of the potential for impact to Aboriginal cultural values arising from archaeological remains which may be present within zones of Aboriginal archaeological sensitivity, to be defined, mapped and included within the SLEP. The identification and mapping of zones of Aboriginal archaeological sensitivity should be based on the findings of a heritage study which are:

• supported by appropriate representative Aboriginal custodial groups within the SCC area,

• includes a predictive model of Aboriginal archaeological sites, and

• includes consideration of landform evolution, development related ground disturbance, oral-history and ethno-historical evidence.

Background

Aboriginal objects, such as stone artefacts, occupation deposits and burials occur in Aboriginal archaeological sites and are protected under the provisions of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974. Prior knowledge of the presence, nature and significance of any Aboriginal objects within an area of a proposed development is essential for the timely and effective management of any related issues, including the adoption of avoidance and impact-mitigation strategies. Existing registers and recordings do not provide a reliable inventory of Aboriginal objects which may be present. The conduct of an Aboriginal heritage assessment should be a standard requirement of any Development Application (DA) and can involve differing levels of assessment according to the location, circumstances and nature of the proposal, as specified by the standards and guidelines of the NSW Premiers Department.

Unfortunately, past experience in the Shoalhaven City Council has shown that a significant number of DA related assessments for Aboriginal heritage are inadequate and fail to address the archaeological sensitivity of the proposed development area. Typically, this is a consequence of the proponent relying only on information from existing site registers, or believing that a small or urban lot poses a low risk.

When Aboriginal objects are unexpectedly encountered during development activities, consequential legal requirements can result in very expensive delays and mitigation actions. In these cases, optimal or even minimal effective management of the Aboriginal objects may no longer be possible. Such eventualities are highly detrimental to the cultural heritage, sustainable development and economic health of the Shoalhaven.

The inclusion of Aboriginal archaeological sensitivity mapping, together with related assessment provisions within the SLEP would ensure that Development Applications situated within an identified zone of archaeological sensitivity would include an appropriate assessment of potential impacts to known and predicted surface and sub-surface Aboriginal archaeological remains. It is proposed that the zoning would only identify relatively high Aboriginal archaeological sensitivity (defined as a zone in which the presence of Aboriginal archaeological remains of high significance is predicted to be likely).

Consistent with best practice, the location of known Aboriginal archaeological sites would not be identified or mapped.

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* Document 2: Kelvin Officer, Notes supporting Aboriginal Site Card: (AHIMS) 52-5-0950, Jerry Bailey Burial Ground, Shoalhaven Heads NSW, Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd, revised: 15 July 2020.

Summary

Although never formally registered as a Cemetery, the Jerry Bailey Burial Ground is known from death and burial records which list the locality as the burial place of more than eighty individuals between 1830 and 1917. Many of the recorded surnames relate to Aboriginal families on the NSW South Coast including Amatto, Bloxum, Carpenter, Davis, Longbottom, Nipple, Sims and Wellington.

It is not known if the area was used as a burial ground prior to European settlement.

The burial ground was used by both Aboriginal and European families. They all share probable residence, and/or employment on the lands known to Europeans in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as the Berry family ‘Coolangatta’ estate, on which the ground was situated. The Coolangatta homestead is located just 1km to the northwest.

The location of the burial ground can be identified from oral tradition within the local Jerrinja Aboriginal Community and early nineteenth sub-division records. Current knowledge of the boundaries and extent of the burial ground remains approximate and requires clarification with further investigation.

The area of the burial ground is now an urban subdivision, which dates from 1926 and there are currently no known remaining surface traces of the burials.

Despite the continued presence of urban structures across the area, there remains considerable archaeological potential for graves, both disturbed and in situ, to remain subsurface across the area.

There is currently no on-site identification, commemoration, or public interpretation of the burial ground.

Location

Oral tradition from the local Jerrinja Aboriginal Community (Orient Point), identifies the sand spit traversed by Hay Avenue, Shoalhaven Heads, as the general location of the Jerry Bailey Burial Ground.

This area was the subject of the first sub-division at Shoalhaven Heads, then known as Jerry Bailey, in 1926. The survey for the sub-division was conducted by Sydney licensed surveyor Henry George Foxall in November 1926 which delineated 30 rectangular lots extending south-eastwards from Hay Avenue and ranging in approximate area from 620 to 2,826 square metres. Refer Figure 1 (DP14678).

Lot 19, which approximately mid-way along the subdivision and is noted on the plan as a ‘Reserve for Graves’ (Figure 1). On the advertising poster for the Auction of the subdivision, this lot is noted as a ‘Reserve’ (Figure 2). In other respects, the form, shape and alignment of Lot 19 is consistent with the other sub-division allotments and shows no evidence of accommodating a previously defined boundary for a cemetery or burial grid.

It is hypothesized that the creation of the reserve in 1926, as mapped, was due to the presence, at that time, of headstones and/or other surface indications of burial plots on Lot 19. The fact that the lot boundary conforms in shape, size and orientation with the other surveyed subdivisions suggests that at the time of survey there was no indication of a fence or other boundary that may have delineated a formal cemetery or the presence of other burials.

This theory could be tested by referencing the original field book used by Surveyor Foxall for the field survey of the subdivision (referenced on the plan as Bk 714 ps 54-6). Unfortunately, however, this book has not yet been traced. It is not indexed with other archived NSW surveyor’s field books in the NSW State Archives, and inquiries with the surviving company of surveyors for which Foxall worked, Dobbie & Kenny (from 1910) and now Rygate & Company Pty Ltd (89 York St Sydney), revealed that no such book exists within the company archives (email Sarah Cole 27/06/2018).

Two headstones are known to have been present at the Jerry Bailey Burial Ground and are now housed at the Berry Museum. These are stone memorials to Thomas Greer (died 1841) and John Weeks (died 1870) [1877] (Figure 3). A news article in the South Coast Register (9th Oct 1985), records that the headstones had been salvaged by a local Shoalhaven Heads resident, Mr Zealand (see Attachments). An article by Wellings and Hessling (n.d.), notes that Greer was a convict who was assigned as a carpenter to Alexander Berry on the Coolangatta estate (see Attachments). Greer continued to work for Berry after obtaining his ticket of leave in August of 1840. The headstone is believed to be the earliest known from the Shoalhaven district. Weeks was a soldier who had been transported to Australia for desertion. The Wellings and Hessling article notes that the Greer headstone was removed in the 1960s. A 2011 Berry Museum article on the Greer headstone notes that it was recovered from Hay Street, Shoalhaven Heads (Berry Museum 2011).

The Lot 19 ‘Reserve for graves’ reference on the sub-division plan provides the basis for the map grid reference provided on the site card, however it is considered likely that burials deemed to have been conducted at the Jerry Bailey Burial Ground exist outside of Lot 19, and may be considerably dispersed and in separated locations along the Jerry Bailey sand body peninsula. This conclusion is based on the following reasons:

• The long period of time (around 90 years) in which the burial ground was in use

• The number of known burials (around 80)

• The burial ground was never formally gazetted and therefore appears not to have operated according to a surveyed grid or boundary

• Graves belonging to the same family are likely to be grouped, and spatially separated from others

• Comparable historical Aboriginal burial grounds contain widely spaced burials, often in family groupings (an example is at Bilong on Currambene Creek, Jervis Bay).

• If the ‘Reserve for graves’ included marked graves, such as the Greer and Weeks memorials, these are likely to have marked the graves of individuals whose families or benefactors could afford such memorials. These are more likely to have been Europeans. Some or all of the Aboriginal burials may have been spatially separated from the European burials and are less likely to have been permanently marked (and thus not evident during the 1926 survey).

Based on the evidence and reasoning presented above, the variously justified known and predicted locations of the Jerry Bailey Burial Ground are illustrated in Figures 4 and 5.

Figure 1 Extracts from Nov 1926 NSW Deposited Plan 14678 (DP14678), showing ‘Reserve for Graves’ (NSW Land Registry Services website hlrv.nswlrs.com.au)

Figure 2 a & b Advertising poster for the auction sale of Jerry Bailey Subdivision no. 1, Coolangatta, 28 December 1926, showing Lot 19 as a ‘Reserve’ [cemetery]. (Source: Mitchell Library, Sydney, www.sl.nsw.gov.au)

Figure 3 The Greer and Weeks headstones, originally from the Jerry Bailey Burial Ground, now in the Berry Museum.

Figure 4 The location of the known and potential areas the Jerry Bailey Burial Ground. (Base image showing cadastral boundaries, Lot and DP numbers from SIXMAPS website).

Figure 5 The location of the known and potential areas the Jerry Bailey Burial Ground. (Base image showing roads and street address numbers from Google Maps Pro).

Known interred individuals

There are currently four published datasets of known burials at the Jerry Bailey Burial Ground:

• The first list of 71 names was published by the Family History Group of Shoalhaven City Library (FHGSCL) in a compilation by Tilton (no date) (Table 1).

• The FHGSCL list was reproduced in a Documentary History of Cullunghutti Mountain by Waters Consultancy in 2013 (p.243-244), with the exception of three names. Tilton (no date) is the acknowledged source.

• A list attributed to the Jerry Bailey Burial Ground Research Group was published in the South Coast Register 30 Aug 2014 (Table2); and

• A further list is web-published by Findagrave.com (Table 3).

There are minor differences across the three main list sources and each are presented below to preserve their integrity.

The list in Tilton (no date) commences from March 1856 and was compiled from Registry office records at Nowra courthouse. It includes 71 names. An introduction to the list states that the earliest recorded burial at the ground was of ‘Mrs Morgan, the wife of Morgan the sawyer’ on 22 December 1830. However, an earlier recorded death at the estate of a convict, Thomas Biskin, in 1827, is suggested to be the earliest potential burial at the site.

The Jerry Bailey Burial Ground Research Group list published in the South Coast Register (30 Aug 2014), includes 83 names, including three pre-1856 burials.

The data presented by the Findagrave website is a copy of a compilation researched by Cathy Dunn, (Australian History Research), a professional historian based in Ulladulla. There are 80 listed names including five not previously listed. Dunn advises that her research was based on death certificate documentation, and that the Findagrave listing does not include all of the documented interred individuals. She notes that approximately eighty percent of the known internments were indigenous people (pers. comm. Cathy Dunn 8 July 2020).

Excluding duplications across the respective listings, there are currently 86 recorded individual names for burials at Jerry Bailey.

In a census conducted by the Commonwealth in 1901 the Aboriginal population of the Illawarra was distributed across seven camps with 33 at Port Kembla, 13 at Minnamurra River, 8 at Dapto, 18 at Bombo, 20 at Gerringong, 3 at Jamberoo and 3 at Kiama, giving a total of just 98 (DEC 2005:24). Noted by the census at Coolangatta were the Amatto, Ardler, Ferguson, Judson, Methven, Nipple and Steel families. Families at Roseby Park were Bundle and Carpenter (State Archives NSW in DEC 2005:25).

Most of these Aboriginal family names are represented in the Jerry Bailey burial records.

A comparison of the listed burial names with an Index of names appearing in the Berry Estate Records (1822 – 1909) (Tilton no date), reveals that approximately 75% of the interred surnames also occur in the Estate records, and 25% of the identified interred individuals also appear in the Estate records. This provides clear evidence of the close and direct association of the Jerry Bailey burial ground with the Berry Estate, its tenants, employees and labourers.

* Table 1 List of burials [71] at Jerry Bailey Burial Ground, compiled by J.H. Tilton for the Library Family History Group of the Shoalhaven City Library, Nowra, (Tilton nor date), as recorded in the Registry office at the Nowra Courthouse.

* Table 2 List of known burials [83] at Jerry Bailey Burial Ground in chronological (left) and alphabetical order (right) (based on South Coast Register 30 Aug 2014 article.

* Table 3 List of known burials [80] at Jerry Bailey Burial Ground, in alphabetical order (based on findagrave.com listing).

Name life dates Name life dates

Sub-surface Archaeological Potential

According to the available, but limited information, relating to the site, there are no known remaining surface indications of graves. As a result of the residential development of the Hay Avenue urban lots, there is a variety of development disturbance types evident, ranging from minimal to major impact:

minimal impact

• involving native vegetation clearance;

• lawn or other minimal garden plantings; and

• limited installation of sub-surface plumbing or cabling

(these areas often retain surface parallel beach ridge morphology)

refer Figures 7 and 8

major impact

• involving cut and fill ground levelling to support roads and building platforms;

• below-ground swimming pool excavation/construction;

• underground services including septic tanks, sewerage and storm water trenching;

• foundations for fencing and house piles; and

• jetty piles and riverbank retaining walls

refer Figures 6 and 7

Despite past construction disturbance, there remains considerable potential for burials to remain subsurface across the site area, especially in areas of minimal impact, and below the depth of excavations for levelling, trenching and foundations. Lot 19, the former ‘Reserve for graves’, appears to have been levelled for building redevelopment (involving the possible use of cut and fill, and/or the importation of fill). This was conducted in the latter-half of the twentieth century. This Lot now exhibits large building footprints and non-porous ground treatments, with only a small area of lawn along its river estuary frontage. Refer Figures 6 and 8. This construction may have impacted any graves present, either partially or wholly, however, disturbed grave traces may still be present subsurface, and in situ grave remains may survive below the depth of this disturbance.

Given that the site is situated on a sand body displaying beach ridge morphology, the sand is likely to have considerable depth and consequently, burials may also be situated well below modern disturbance levels. A probable exception to this is excavation for in-ground swimming pools.

Figure 6 Oblique aerial photo of urban lots along Hay Ave, looking east. Lots 18 and 20 (Nos. 38 and 42, yellow delineation) include large areas of open space with minimal ground disturbance. Lot 19 (No. 40, between delineations) is typical of recently redeveloped Lots with less open space and a greater degree of construction related ground disturbance evident.

Figure 7 View across Lot 20 (No.42 Hay Avenue), looking southeast. Note the larger proportion of open space and remnant crest and swale (beach ridge) surface morphology (yellow profile). These indicate a minimal degree of ground disturbance and considerable potential for the survival of graves. Note the extent of development on neighbouring Lot 19 (No.40 Hay Avenue), and the levelled nature of the ground level (possibly involving the importation of fill, blue profile).(image date June 2018)

Figure 8 View across the river frontage of Lots 20 (foreground) and 19 (behind) (Nos 42 and 40 Hay Avenue). Despite the impact of landscaping, there remains potential for undisturbed grave remains in be present in these open areas.

Lots 18 and 20, on either side of Lot 19, retain their early to mid-twentieth century structures and are characterized by smaller building footprints and substantial open space areas, some displaying their original beach ridge (crest and swale) surface morphology. Refer Figure 7. The potential for less disturbed or in situ graves to be present and detectable in these lots is considered to be substantial.

The Hay Avenue urban lots are progressively being re-developed given their desirable river frontage context and prime real-estate value. This poses a major threat to the conservation of any remaining graves which may survive within the burial ground. A little over half of the original Lots in the possible burial ground area retain large areas of open space where subsurface and remote testing could be conducted with the aim of identifying grave locations and clarifying the spatial extent of the burial ground. This represents an opportunity for future investigation which has a very limited time envelope.

Significance

The site has high cultural, scientific and historical significance for both Aboriginal and European communities for the following reasons:

• The site has special cultural significance for the Aboriginal communities of the Shoalhaven and of the wider NSW South Coast, as the burial location of their ancestors.

• The site is the burial location of many historically important nineteenth and early twentieth century members of local Aboriginal families, and European settler families;

• The site is reportedly the first recorded European burial ground for the Shoalhaven district;

• The site is situated 2.5 km southeast of the summit of Cullunghutti Mountain (Mt Coolangatta), which is highly significant to the local Aboriginal community as a place of passage for the spirits of the dead. The proximity of the Jerry Bailey burial ground to Cullunghutti may have a basis in Aboriginal lore.

• The site is important in the historical and social development of the Berry family’s Coolangatta Estate. The estate’s homestead complex included accommodation for its staff, (including Aboriginal people) and the Jerry Bailey Burial ground appears to have acted as a local cemetery for this community. The estate also employed local Aboriginal people on a casual and probably seasonal basis, and a permanent Aboriginal encampment is known to have existed on an adjacent side of Coolangatta (Cullunghutti) Mountain. It is probable that people who lived at the Cullunghutti encampment were also buried at the Jerry Bailey burial ground.

• Along with the Berry Estate and its associated ‘Berry-Hay private cemetery’, the Jerry Bailey burial ground is an integral part of the Coolangatta Estate site complex. The surviving Coolangatta Estate buildings (and archaeological deposits), and the Berry-Hay private cemetery are listed on the Heritage Schedule of the Shoalhaven Local Environmental Plan. The Jerry Bailey burial ground should be included within this listing as an associated potential archaeological deposit.

Recommended Management Strategies

Priority strategies

1. The site and the known names of the interred should be publicly commemorated with appropriate and permanent on-site memorial(s) and public interpretation. The type and form of commemoration should be developed in consultation with the local community and descendant groups such as descendant family members of the interred, the Jerrinja Aboriginal community, and local historical societies.

2. The site should be included as a potential archaeological deposit within the Heritage Schedule of the Shoalhaven Local Environmental Plan, with a legal requirement for the conduct of an archaeological assessment prior to the approval of any significant ground surface disturbance.

3. The boundaries of the burial ground should be refined and confirmed through the conduct of a combined archaeological program of remote sensing (such as ground penetrating radar(GPR)) and ‘ground truthing’ test excavation. The currently defined approximate boundaries of the site should be reviewed and refined in the light of such a program.

On-going strategies

4. All proposed significant ground surface disturbance within the site, such as for building, swimming pool and road construction, trenching for services, and landscaping earthworks, should be preceded by the conduct of an archaeological assessment to ensure that any in situ burials or disturbed burial remains are detected and appropriately managed.

5. All surviving graves or grave traces should be conserved on-site, where possible, or in accordance with the wishes of a custodial family of community.

Information Sources

NB: Incorporated into the consolidated References section below]

Attachments

From Berry Museum files

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* Document 3: Waters, Kate and Korey Moon, Jerry Bailey Burial Ground, in Cullunghutti: The Mountain and Its People. A documentary history of Cullunghutti Mountain from 1770 to 1920 - A report for the Community, Waters Consultancy Pty Ltd for the Office of Environment and Heritage, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2013, 241-244.

Jerry Bailey Burial Ground

There are individual burials and burial grounds in many locations throughout the Shoalhaven region that predate the arrival of Europeans. Aboriginal people would have continued to utilize traditional burial ground after the arrival of Europeans until the exclusion from their land, and the imposition of government polices on burial prevented it. Some individual burials and burial grounds are registered sites under the NPWS act and protected as such. However, many others were destroyed by the impact of European land management over the last 190 years and some remain unrecorded.

The first recorded European style cemetery in the Shoalhaven region was at Jerry Bailey, a location on the north side of the Shoalhaven River near the Shoalhaven Heads, The exact location of the cemetery is not known as there are no longer any visible markers and no surveys or other records of the area have been located.

The burial ground was located on the Coolangatta Estate and European and Aboriginal residents of the Estate were buried there from at least 1830 onwards. No records of the formal gazettal of the area as a cemetery have been located. The last burial recorded at the site was in 1917.

The people listed in the table on the next page were buried at the Jerry Bailey cemetery. The information is from the burial records held at the Nowra courthouse; these records date on from 1856 so those people buried between 1830 and 1856 are not recorded here. Burials did occur in this period, one that is know is that of Thomas Greer, a ticket of leave convict, who was buried in the cemetery in 1841. His burial is known due to the survival of his headstone. It is the only known surviving headstone. It was found in the vicinity of Hay Street in the 1960s and was removed for its protection. While some people listed in the table are non-Aboriginal, the majority are recognizably members of local Aboriginal families.

* Document 4: Ian Stocks and Oliver Strewe, Pissing on the burial grounds, The Living Daylights, 2(10), 12 March 1974.

PISSING ON THE BURIAL GROUNDS IAN STOCKS & OLIVER STREWE

As the land rights battle hots up all over Australia — as public servants and government ministers start to feel the backlash from their own mishandling of Aboriginal problems - most of white Australia still remains ignorant of the depth of bitterness and oppression that drives Aboriginal militants. This is a picture of a typical country town — Nowra on NSW’s south coast - which, although not overtly racist, provides an accurate and horrifying picture of the treatment of Australia’s Whites.

Looking out from Alexander Berry's flogging shed - Nowra's close to Australia’s second oldest Aboriginal settlement is the birthplace of white militant Robert McLeod. So, as white anger grows, and death threats are made against white politicians for their efforts to manipulate white affairs, Nowra gives the opposite side of the picture: the continuing violence which whites suffer every day of their lives.

NOWRA services a rich farming area which was carved up by white squatters in the middle 1800s. They used convict labor and employed Aboriginal stockmen on low wages. Most industries, farming, timber and fishing made great profits using cheap Aboriginal labour. Until the late 1880s, however, many Aboriginal families and tribal groups had small holdings alongside white properties, which were cropped and gardened. These four or five acre blocks were hardly self-sufficient, and handouts of rations were available at local police stations.

In the 1880s the forced resettlement of the Whites began. Rations were cut off, children separated from their parents if they refused to move to the missions - concentration camps. In some areas in the far south coast, waterholes were poisoned, and Whites were hunted with dogs. Near Brush Island Aboriginals were rounded up, driven on to the sand and shot. High winds still uncover skulls with bullet holes in the back of the head ... men, women and children.

At Nowra, Whites were moved to Orient Point, which was gazetted under Queen Victoria as being set aside for the use of Aboriginals and administered by the Aboriginal Protection Board. Orient Point was a wasteland isolated from the town. The area consisted of 700 uncleared acres with good fishing grounds nearby and oyster leases. Under a dictatorial management the "concentration camp” persisted until after World War Two, when the value of the land was realised. The navy had already taken a bit, the council resumed some more, and in the 60s large chunks were pared off. Orient Point itself was surgically removed and subdivided for white homes. Other areas of 30 odd acres also went up for grabs. The council took a bit for a caravan park, thoughtfully building a shithouse and amenities block on top of a sacred burial ground. As in other areas of the south coast where burial grounds have been disturbed, the bones disappeared, presumably sold to museums and universities.

At the same time the homes of the remnants of the Jerringa tribe also came under attack. Repairs were discontinued, families encouraged to "assimilate” into housing commission homes. When they moved their old houses were bulldozed. Rosebery Park reserve was being quietly run down — the population dropped from over 300 to about 100 (to live in the 11 houses standing today). The school was closed, the gardens ran wild, the oyster leases sold off to white businessmen. There was a rapid increase in value of prime waterfront land and the ubiquitous L.J. Hookers put up a proposal for a tourist resort. It was rumored he offered the local council a $90 million deal.

When the land rights battle began in Canberra, the Nowra whites took a new interest in their land. Real opposition began last year when the local rugby league club planned a club building and sports area on tribal land.

The Crookhaven rugby league club gained a lease for 24 acres inside the reserve boundaries. Initially the club development was to be a 50-50 project between a White football team and a White team. The Whites got the lease on the strength of this cooperation and soon opened their books for members hip. Strangely, the books closed on White members very quickly, while Whites enrolled in large numbers. Soon the membership was almost all white. The bush was levelled and late last year preparation for building started.

Local Whites erected tents on the block and faced up to the council heavies. In the night, embarrassed club officials hastily spray painted their names off the development sign. But the last hand is still to be played. While almost every able-bodied Nowra White confronted the Queen in Canberra last month, their tent was stolen, and now sits in a leagues club official’s garage. Ironically, a search through council records revealed that no clear title to the Orient Point land was ever established by the local council or the state government. Thus, these bodies may have been acting illegally when parts of the reserve were excised and sub-divided for sale. The residents of Rosebery Park have found evidence that they may be able to claim the entire area. They express no wish to evict white residents from their homes, but if the local council and state government have blundered there will be a very heavy compensation claim indeed.

***

ORIENT POINT and the struggles of the Jerringa people may well be one of the most important land rights battles in the state of NSW. If this is won there are other gazetted areas which would benefit from the precedent established. Seven hundred acres lie within the naval base at Jervis Bay, currently used as a bombing range. This is traditional Jerringa walkabout territory, and was gazetted on September 26, 1881, under the title Reserved from sale for the use of Aboriginals, which has never been revoked. It's a nice piece of land apart from the shell holes and we hope they get it.

***

SIMILAR situations exist all over NSW, but the Askin government, anticipating land rights claims, has already acted. It recently formed the Aboriginal Lands Trust — which appears to be a stooge body designed to keep actual ownership out of community hands. The members were elected by postal vote, many of them unopposed, despite the call for democratic nominations and ballot box elections. The feeling is that the rewards of any land rights cases will be handed over to the trust which will then be manipulated to thwart full usage of the land.

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8. References

NB: The following references list includes information sources from Officer (2020).

A History of Aboriginal People of the Illawarra 1770 to 1970, Department of Environment and Conservation, 2005.

Archibald Campbell Papers, manuscript, circa 1899-1900, D217, University of Wollongong Archives, Wollongong.

Australian Cemeteries Index, Cemetery 1023 - Jerry Bailey, Australian Cemeteries Index, 9 October 2014.

Dunn, Cathy, [Jerry Bailey cemetery], historian with Australian History Research, Ulladulla, New South Wales, personal communication, 8 July 2020.

Botsman, Peter, "Jerry Bailey", for Gerry Moore, Working Papers, 20 February 2025, 3p.

Clarke, Alan (editor), 500 Place Names of Shoalhaven, Shoalhaven Tourism Board, Shoalhaven City Council, 2008, 43p.

Fingelton, Janet, 100 Lives of the Berry region, Berry & District Historical Society, 2014, 100p.

Jerry Bailey Burial Ground Research Group.

Navin Officer Heritage Consultants 2018 Cullunghutti Cultural Mapping Project, Research and database conducted for NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2018.

Officer, Kelvin, Notes supporting Aboriginal Site Card: (AHIMS) 52-5-0950, Jerry Bailey Burial Ground, Shoalhaven Heads NSW, Navin Officer Heritage Consultants Pty Ltd, revised: 15 July 2020.

Saunders, Jennifer and Myangah Pirate, Stories from Right Here – an exhibition: Annotated Catalogue and Bibliography, University of Wollongong Library, 19 February – 20 March 2024, Berry, 2024, 44p.

Shoalhaven Bereavement Services, Historical Cemeteries, Shoalhaven Bereavement Services, accessed 23 June 2025

Shoalhaven’s Oldest Headstone? Recording of burial grounds, South Coast Register, 9 October 1985.

Stombell (Contributor 48335209), Jerry Bailey Cemetery, Shoalhaven Heads, Shoalhaven City Council, NSW, Findagrave, accessed 20 April 2020. URL: https://www.findagrave.com/cemetery/2668148/memorial-search?page=5#sr-190880627 .

Talbot, Christine, Snapshots of a Village: An illustrated history of Shoalhaven Heads and Jerry Bailey, Coolangatta, 2018, 246p.

The Genesis of Shoalhaven: Extract from Alexander Berry's Diary (continued), The Shoalhaven News, 5 April 1939.

Thomas Greer, WikiTree, accessed 23 June 2023.

Thomas Greer Memorial, Berry Historical Society, accessed 26 June 2025.

Thomas Greer, Shoalhaven’s oldest headstone history, South Coast Register, 30 August 2014, https://www.southcoastregister.com.au/story/2518277/thomas-greer-shoalhavens-oldest-headstone-history/

Tilton, J.H., The Jerry Bailey Burial Ground, in Index to Persons on the Berry Estate: Shoalhaven, 1822-1909, Shoalhaven City Library Family History Group, Nowra, circa 1995.

Two nationally significant Items from Berry on display at the National Museum in Canberra, Town Crier, June 2011, p.5.

Waters, Kate and Korey Moon, Jerry Bailey Burial Ground, in Cullunghutti: The Mountain and Its People. A documentary history of Cullunghutti Mountain from 1770 to 1920 - A report for the Community, Waters Consultancy Pty Ltd for the Office of Environment and Heritage, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2013, 241-244.

Wellings, B. and R. Hessling, Absence and loss in Australian history, Capital Icon., n.d. Unreferenced document copy in the Berry Museum archive.

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9. Acknowledgements

This article was compiled with the assistance of, and at the request of, Uncle Gerry Moore, a Shoalhaven Elder. Sources used include the research of Kelvin Officer and the Navin Officer Pty Ltd organisation, Kate Walters and Korey Moon of Walters Consultancy, Jen Saunders, and Peter Botsman. Sources used therein are cited in the documents or the references / information sources listing.

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Michael Organ, Australia

Last updated: 17 December 2025

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